Leigos
dos EUA Lançam 'Guia de Estudos' para o Filme da Paixão de Cristo
"Behind The Passion" (Por Trás da Paixão) ainda está, infelizmente, em inglês, mas pode servir como base para a preparação de palestras explicativas do filme, sob a ótica adventista do sétimo dia. Clique aqui para fazer o download do arquivo, em formato *.pdf (do Adobe Acrobat Reader).
Obviamente, o conteúdo deste livreto deve servir como ponto de partida para a formulação de um material adaptado à realidade brasileira, em que a maioria da população é católica. Convém lembrar que o filme é uma produção cinematográfica comercial custeada e dirigida por um católico, mas não representa oficialmente o pensamento da Igreja Católica Apostólica Romana, tanto é que alguns líderes católicos já se manifestaram contra o filme por diferentes motivos. Não se trata também de uma produção ecumênica, embora tenha sido apresentado antecipadamente a importantes líderes evangélicos.
Apenas como sugestão, digo ser interessante:
1. Valorizar aspectos muito positivos do filme. Entre eles, as origens judaicas da religião cristã, que é uma continuação do plano divino e não uma substituição; o nome original de nosso Salvador, sua pronúncia -- Iechrrua -- e significado; e acima de tudo, o conflito dos séculos entre Cristo e Satanás, como pano de fundo de todos os acontecimentos que marcaram a vida de Jesus.
2. Produzir estudos bíblicos simplificados, mas consistentes, sobre as razões que tornaram necessária a morte de Cristo; detalhes do relacionamento de Jesus com sua mãe, enquanto esteve neste Terra; a salvação unicamente pela fé em Jesus Cristo, sem Maria como co-redentora; e o estado inconsciente dos mortos até a ressurreição, respondendo à pergunta: "Onde Está a Virgem Maria Agora?" -- RR
Conheça a opinião do Editor sobre o filme:
Estas outras informações abaixo, assim que as traduzirmos, também poderão ser úteis para conversarmos com os nossos amigos e interessados acerca do filme, mostrando-lhes o que há de bíblico, ou não, nas cenas da Paixão, segundo Mel Gibson:
Jesus prays
in Gethsemene
Bible references: Mt 26:36-46; Mk 14:32-42; Lk 22:39-46
In the movie but not the Bible: Satan watches as Jesus prays (Jesus'
prayers are drawn from the Psalms); Satan tempts Jesus, saying "Do you really
believe one man can carry this burden? ...saving their souls is too costly;"
Satan sends a snake to bite Jesus; Jesus crushes the snake's head in an allusion
to Genesis 3:15.
Source: Many movie details relating to Satan are drawn from Sister Anne
Emmerich's visions, recorded in "The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ."
In "The Dolorous Passion," Satan says to Jesus, "Takest thou even this sin upon
thyself? Art thou willing to bear its penalty? Art thou prepared to satisfy for
all these sins?" Emmerich also envisioned "the serpent ...This odious reptile of
gigantic size" in Gethsemane.
Other considerations: "The Dolorous
Passion" spends much time on Gethsemane and draws many Adam-Christ/Eve-Mary
parallels. The book also refers to the serpent later in the narrative, when
Jesus is near death and is entrusting Mary to John's care. "It did not appear to
me in the least surprising that Jesus should call the Blessed Virgin ‘Woman,
instead of ‘Mother.’ I felt that he intended to demonstrate that she was that
woman spoken of in Scripture who was to crush the head of the serpent, and that
then was the moment in which that promise was accomplished in the death of her
Son."
Payment to
people to come to courtyard
Bible references: Matthew 26:59-60
In the movie but not the Bible: In a very brief scene, money is seen
changing hands, with the implication that people are being paid to testify
against Jesus. This probably refers to Matthew 26, which says "The chief priests
and the entire Sanhedrin kept trying to obtain false testimony against Jesus in
order to put him to death." But no money is mentioned in the gospels.
Other sources: "The Dolorous Passion"
says "The High Priests now sent for those whom they knew to be the most bitterly
opposed to Jesus, and desired them to assemble the witnesses ...The proud
Sadducees ...whom Jesus had so often reproved before the people, were actually
dying for revenge. They hastened to all the inns to seek out those persons whom
they knew to be enemies of our Lord, and offered them bribes in order to secure
their appearance."
Arrest of
Jesus, Malchus' ear healed
Bible references: Jn 18; Lk 22; Mt 26:52
In the movie but not the Bible: Before the guards approach, Jesus tells
some of his apostles "I don't want them to see me this way," referring to other
apostles; when Jesus, in chains, is being led away, he falls and dangles from a
wall. As he dangles, Jesus and Judas face each other.
Mary's
reaction to Jesus' suffering
In the movie but not the Bible: As Jesus is being tortured in Gethsemane,
Mary awakens in her home and says, "What makes this night different from all
other nights?" -- a reference to the Jewish Passover liturgy.
Other sources: "The Dolorous Passion," which records, "During this agony of Jesus, I saw the Blessed Virgin also overwhelmed with sorrow and anguish of soul... I saw these interior movements of her soul towards Jesus... I beheld the spiritual communication which they had with each other." However, Emmerich's visions of Mary do not reference the Passover liturgy.
Jesus comes
before Jewish leaders at temple locale
Bible references: Mt 26:57; Mk 14:53; Lk 22:54; Jn 18:13
In the movie but not the Bible: Mary, Jesus' mother, and Mary Magdalene
are depicted as standing among the soldiers. In the Gospels, they don't appear
until much later in the narrative.
Pontius
Pilate's wife advises Pilate
Bible references: Mt 27:19
In the movie but not the Bible: The Bible references Pilate's wife only
once, and not by name; she sends her husband a message about Jesus saying, "Have
nothing to do with this righteous man--I have suffered much in a dream because
of him." In the film, Pilate and his wife have several conversations about what
he should do.
Other sources: Sister Anne Emmerich's "Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus
Christ" describes interactions between Pilate and his wife, who is depicted as a
sympathetic proto-Christian character.
Jesus, the
carpenter
Bible references: Matthew 13:55
In the movie but not the Bible: A flashback to Jesus as a younger man
shows him testing the quality of a new table while Mary, his mother, works
inside. She comes outside to look at his handiwork, and they have a conversation.
Though drawing from the gospel's description of Jesus as "the carpenter's son,"
the scene itself is not in the Bible.
Jesus
examined by Jewish authorities
Bible references: Mt 26:57-68; Mk 14:53-65; Lk 22:54-71; Mk 3:22; Mt
12:24; Lk 11;15; John 6; Jn 18:22; Mt 26:61; Mk 14:58; Mt 26:59-60; Mk 14, Mt 26
In the movie but not the Bible: A high priest says "You're all under his
spell." Later in the scene, Jesus is defended by some Jewish high priests, who
say "This entire proceeding is an outrage," "Who called this? Where are the
other members of the council?" and "This is a travesty--a beastly travesty."
Other influences: Emmerich's detailed vision of the Jewish trial shows
the high priests Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea defending Jesus. "Nicodemus
increased the rage of the enemies of Jesus by pointing out the passages in the
archives which proved the right of the Galileans ...the anger of the Pharisees
was heightened by his remarking that the members of the Council had cause to be
greatly offended at the gross contradictions in the statements of the witnesses,
and that the extraordinary and hurried manner in which the whole affair had been
conducted showed that malice and envy were the sole motives which induced the
accusers."
Peter
denies Jesus
Bible references: Mt 26:69-75; Mk 14:66-72; Lk 22:56-62; Jn 18:25-27
In the movie but not the Bible: Peter meets with Mary and confesses his
denial, calling Mary "mother."
Source: "The Dolorous Passion" describes this scene: "Peter rushed out
...By the light of the torches he soon recognised John and the Blessed Virgin,
but the sight of them only renewed those dreadful feelings of remorse ... 'Mother!'
exclaimed Peter, in a dejected tone, 'O, Mother, speak not to me--thy Son is
suffering more than words can express: speak not to me! They have condemned him
to death, and I have denied him three times.'"
Judas'
remorse
Bible reference: Mt 27
In the movie but not the Bible: Judas is tormented by demons and
confronted by street children, who chase him prior to his suicide; as Judas
hangs himself, a donkey carcass key decays nearby.
Source: "The Dolorous Passion" spends an entire chapter on Judas' torment,
describing him "rushing to and fro like a madman in the valley of Hinnom: Satan
was by his side in a hideous form, whispering in his ear, to endeavour to drive
him to despair, all the curses which the prophets had hurled upon this valley,
where the Jews formerly sacrificed their children to idols." The chapter also
mentions carcasses: "They shall go forth, and behold the carcasses of those who
have sinned against me, whose worm dieth not, and whose fire shall never be
extinguished."
As the chapter ends, Emmerich describes Judas hearing "discordant sounds from the city ...Overcome by despair Judas tore off his girdle, and hung himself on a tree which grew in a crevice of the rock."
Mary's
reaction to Jesus' punishment
In the movie but not the Bible: Mary kisses stone floor as, underneath,
Jesus hangs in chains
Source: "The Dolorous Passion": "The Blessed Virgin ...begged to be taken
to some place as near as possible to her Divine Son. John, therefore, led her
and the holy women to the front of the prison where Jesus was confined. Mary was
with Jesus in spirit, and Jesus was with her; but this loving Mother wished to
hear with her own ears the voice of her Divine Son. She listened and heard not
only his moans, but also the abusive language of those around him."
Jesus
facing charges before Pilate
Bible references: Lk 23, Jn 18; Mk 15:3
In the movie but not the Bible: Pilate's wife pleads to him not to hurt
Galilean; Pilate refers to Jewish "rabble"; Pilate asks high priests, "do you
always punish your prisoners before they're judged?"
Pilate's "What
is truth" discussion with Jesus
Bible references: Jn 18
In the movie but not the Bible: Pilate offers Jesus a drink
Other considerations: Gibson draws from the longer and more nuanced
descriptions of Pilate found in the Gospel of John, not the synoptic gospels.
Jesus
appears before Herod
Bible references: Lk 23:6-12; Lk 23:8
In the movie but not the Bible: An implied orgy at Herod's luxurious
palace, complete with a leopard. Herod asks Jesus, "Are you the one whose birth
was foretold?"
Other sources: Scene may reference the Magi notifying Herod's father
(King Herod) of Jesus' birth. "The Dolorous Passion" describes Herod "seated on
a pile of cushions, heaped together so as to form a species of throne, in a
spacious hall, and surrounded by courtiers and warriors." Emmerich also has
Herod saying "'Who art thou?' ... Art thou he whose birth was foretold in such a
wonderful manner?"
Pilate
decides what to do
In the movie but not the Bible: Pilate is depicted as working through the
dilemma in some detail. He says, "If I don't stop this, I know Caiaphas will
start a rebellion." Later, he says "I don't want to start an uprising." One of
his subordinates replies, "There already is an uprising."
Other considerations: Many Bible scholars agree that Caiaphas and the
other Jewish high priests would have been anxious to avoid a rebellion in
Jerusalem during the Passover festival, and that the Jewish leadership would
attempt to keep Rome from clamping down. Gibson omits Caiaphas' phrase in John
11: "Do you not consider that it is expedient for us that one man should die for
the people, and not that the whole nation should perish?"
Other sources: "The Dolorous Passion" says Pilate "made another attempt for [Jesus'] release; but the Jews instantly threatened to lay an accusation against him before the Emperor. This menace terrified him, and he determined to accede to their wishes, although firmly convinced in his own mind of the innocence of Jesus."
Jesus is
scourged
Bible references: Mt 27:28-31; Mk 15:19; Mt 27:26; Mk 15:15
In the movie but not the Bible: Before the flogging begins, Jesus quotes
Psalm 108: "My heart is ready, Lord." Satan watches scourging while cradling a
demonic imp; Jewish leaders watch. Pilate's subordinate, Abenadar, says "Enough!
Your orders were to punish this man, not scourge him to death."
Other sources: Thirty-nine lashes were considered the most one could give
without being guilty of murder. "The Dolorous Passion" describes Jesus'
scourging in vivid and excruciating detail. It says that Jesus' body was
"entirely covered with black, blue, and red marks; the blood was trickling down
on the ground ...they made use of a different kind of rod,—a species of thorny
stick, covered with knots and splinters. These barbarians ...untied Jesus, and
again fastened him up with his back turned towards the pillar. ...they
recommenced scourging him with even greater fury than before ...The body of our
Lord was perfectly torn to shreds."
Other considerations: Based on John 18:28, it's unclear whether Jewish leaders would have attended a Roman scourging. The flogging is proposed in Scripture, but the timing of scourging--whether before or after sentence to crucify--is not entirely clear.
The name Abenadar is not mentioned in the Bible, but refers in Emmerich to the sympathetic centurion who converts after Jesus' death, saying "indeed, this Man was the Son of God!" Gibson leaves out this statement.
Mary and
Mary Magdalene during the scourging
In the movie but not the Bible: Mary says "My son, when, where, how will
you choose to be delivered of this?" Pilate's wife gives Mary and Mary Magdalene
fine cloths which they later use to mop up Jesus' blood; as Mary Magdalene wipes
up Jesus' blood, she flashes back to the moment when Jesus, as the movie
implies, saved her from being stoned for adultery.
Other sources: "The Dolorous Passion" records that Claudia gave linen
cloths to Mary: "I saw Claudia Procles, the wife of Pilate, send some large
pieces of linen to the Mother of God. I know not whether she thought that Jesus
would be set free, and that his Mother would then require linen to dress his
wounds, or whether this compassionate lady was aware of the use which would be
made of her present. ...I soon after saw Mary and Magdalen approach the pillar
where Jesus had been scourged; ...they knelt down on the ground near the pillar,
and wiped up the sacred blood with the linen which Claudia Procles had sent."
Other considerations: Especially in the Middle Ages, cloths said to be
stained with Jesus' blood were considered holy relics by Catholics.
Though a medieval pope identified Mary Magdalene as being the adulterous woman described in John 7:53-8:11, the Catholic Church has since repudiated this view of Mary Magdalene. Most Bible scholars today think the two women were distinct characters.
Jesus
carries the cross to Golgotha
Bible references: Mt 27:31b-32; Mk 15:20b-21; Lk 23
In the movie but not the Bible: Though the gospels do not explicitly
record falls, Jesus falls numerous times; Mary and company follow Jesus with
Satan in crowd; in a flashback, Mary rescues a falling Jesus as child; alluding
to Rev 21:5, Jesus says to Mary: “See, I make all things new"; from his palace,
a worried Pilate looks out at Jesus carrying the cross.
Other sources: Though the gospels do not say Mary accompanied Jesus
throughout his journey, "The Dolorous Passion" says Mary "begged John to take
her to some place through which [her son] must pass. John conducted her to a
palace, which had an entrance in that street which Jesus traversed after his
first fall." When Jesus falls again, according to Emmerich's vision, Mary sprang
"from the doorway into the midst of the group who were insulting and abusing
him, she threw herself on her knees by his side and embraced him."
Other considerations: The Stations of the Cross, a Catholic devotional,
specify three falls.
Jesus bears
the cross
In the movie but not the Bible: A Jewish girl helps Jesus wipe his face
Source: The extrabiblical legend of Veronica, a woman who is said to have
wiped Jesus' face with a cloth that later bore his image. "Veronica wipes the
face of Jesus" is included in the Stations of the Cross, a Catholic devotional
practice. "The Dolorous Passion" relates that she held the cloth while Jesus
wiped his face himself: She "made her way through the mob, ... reached Jesus,
fell on her knees before him, and presented the veil, saying at the same time,
'Permit me to wipe the face of my Lord.' Jesus took the veil in his left hand,
wiped his bleeding face, and returned it with thanks."
"The Dolorous Passion" also comments on the woman's name: "Seraphia was the name of the brave woman ...[she] was afterwards known by the name of Veronica, which name was given from the words vera icon (true portrait), to commemorate her brave conduct on this day."
Simon of
Cyrene helps Jesus carry the cross
Bible references: Mt 27:31b-32; Mk 15:20-b-21; Lk 23:26
In the movie but not the Bible: A Roman soldier calls Jews "impossible
people"; another Roman says "Can't you see he can't go on? Help him"; a Roman
forces Simon to help Jesus, calling Simon "Jew!"; Simon defends Jesus and tells
them to stop, saying "I don't care what you do to me"; Simon encourages Jesus,
saying "almost there."
Other sources: Though the gospels say little about Simon, a chapter of
"The Dolorous Passion" describes him in sympathetic terms: "Simon of Cyrene was
filled with indignation and pity...Their cruelty to Jesus so exasperated Simon
of Cyrene that he at last exclaimed, 'If you continue this brutal conduct, I
will throw down the cross and carry it no farther. I will do so if you kill me
for it.'"
Jesus is
nailed to the cross
Bible references: Mt 27:33; Mk 15:22; Lk 23:33; Jn 19:17
In the movie but not the Bible: Cross falls forward to secure nails;
Romans use rope to stretch Jesus' arm closer to nail hole; "King of the Jews"
plaque omits Greek.
Other sources: Gibson draws from "The Dolorous Passion's" graphic visions
of the crucifixion process. "When the executioners had nailed the right hand of
our Lord, they perceived that his left hand did not reach the hole they had
bored to receive the nail, therefore they tied ropes to his left arm, and having
steadied their feet against the cross, pulled the left hand violently until it
reached the place prepared for it."
Other considerations: According to most Bible scholars, the nails would
have gone in the wrists, not the middle of the hands. Gibson follows Catholic
iconography in choosing the palms of the hands.
Interesting choice: Despite flashbacks to Last Supper and images of the
meal's bread, Gibson does not have Jesus say "This is my body which is given for
you." Catholics believe the consecrated Communion host is actually Jesus' body;
evangelical Protestants do not.
Two thieves
are crucified alongside Jesus
Bible reference: Luke 23
In the movie but not the Bible: Bird pecks eye of mocking thief
Roman
soldiers take Jesus' clothes
Bible reference: John 23
In the movie but not the Bible: The Roman soldiers rip Jesus' clothes,
though John's gospel says they later gambled for his robe because "it had no
seam."
Other considerations: The "Seamless Garment" movement asks Christians to
support a "consistent ethic of life" by rejecting abortion, capital punishment,
and more.
Mary and
John at the cross
Bible reference: Mt 27; Mk 15; Lk 23;44
In the movie but not the Bible: Mary kisses Jesus’ feet and cries to
Jesus
Related source: "The Dolorous Passion" says "John stood at the foot of
the Cross, and wiped the feet of Jesus with his scapular. Magdalen was crouched
to the ground in a perfect frenzy of grief behind the Cross."
Other considerations: At some Good Friday services, Christians pray
before a crucifix and kiss the feet of Jesus.
Jesus dies
Bible references: Mt 27:51; Jn 19:31-34
In the movie but not the Bible: One tear from heaven drops, storm begins;
the temple building itself cracks in two but does not fall; Satan cries out in
wrath.
Other source: Emmerich says the temple's "arch was broken. The ground was
heaved up, and many other columns were thrown down in other parts of the
Temple."
Jesus is
taken down from the cross
In the movie but not the Bible: Jesus' mother, Mary Magdalene, and John
take Jesus from the cross (the gospels specify Joseph of Arimathea, but not
others).
Other considerations: The pieta scene (Mary cradling Jesus' body) and the
tableau of nails and crown of thorns recall Catholic iconography.
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